Validity and Reliability
The study used a survey that was adopted from an instrument developed by the Department for Education and Skills
in the U.K. (2006). For the overall quality management reliability, Cronbach’s coefficient alpha values for the 13
scales was + .91 for Phase I, +.89 for Phase II, and +.91 for Phase III respectively. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha
values for all scales of measure reported high inter-item correlations; as a result, it was considered substantial
evidence that the items are reliably measuring the same underlying constructs. In addition, factor analysis was
conducted to discover if the observed variables can be explained largely or entirely in terms of factors. Table 1
illustrates questionnaire items and factor loadings.