A prerequisite for EPD is that the substrate should be electrically conductive. Thus, for deposition of YSZ or GDC electrolyte thin films on nonconducting NiO/YSZ anode supports, thin conducting layers such as graphite and Pt are coated onto the porous NiO/YSZ composite substrates to facilitate substrates that have been pre-coated with graphite thin layers, the YSZ layer can be deposited on to the substrates or onto the graphite layers on the substrates, as shown in Figure 5.16