the current copyright law and its exceptions cannot effectively protect the exclusive rights and economic interests of copyright owners because of three factors: (1) the obscurity and ambiguity of the educational exceptions under the thai ca 1994; (2) the current approach of the thai court to the exceptions has weakened the copyright protect regime in the education sector; and (3) the absence of a copyright collecting society (CCS) in the education sector makes it more difficult for the users to obtain a licence for the use of copyrighted works.