We constructed the measure of stakeholder multiplicity based on a Herfindahl-
Hirschman Index (HHI), which is a common measure of business concentration and now
is increasingly used in the public management literature (e.g., Graddy and Chen 2006; Pitts
2005). HHI is constructed based on where si is a share of the number of stakeholders from each of the seven sectors: (1) central government
agencies, (2) interest groups, (3) nonprofit organizations, (4) for-profit organizations,
(5) other local authorities, (6) academic institutes, and (7) international development agencies,
to the total number of the involved network stakeholders.