3.2. Continuous fermentation
Continuous ethanol fermentation using TSC-cell culture in a 1 L packed-bed reactor was carried out at the following operating conditions: 32 ± 1 °C, feed sugar concentrations of 220 and 240 g/L and dilution rates of 0.04, 0.15, 0.24 and 0.36 h−1. The steady-state ethanol concentration and productivity are shown in Fig. 4 as functions of the dilution rate. Table 2 summarizes the cell concentrations after 20 days of continuous operation along with the average immobilized yield (YI) and the average ethanol yield (YP/S).