Behaviors Recorded. We identified a bee as asleep when she was in a relaxed
state (i.e., body immobile, except for occasional twitches of a leg, tarsus, or
extension of proboscis) and discontinuously ventilating. B.A.K. recorded sleep
when individually marked bees were inside cells or when the bees were
outside cells. When outside cells, bees’ antennae were immobile, exhibited
minute twitches, or exhibited larger, usually swaying, motions. A discontinuously
ventilating bee with immobile antennae was reported to be in
a deep sleep state. Identifying discontinuous ventilation required careful
examination of a bee for a minimum of 10 uninterrupted seconds, a duration
estimated from an analysis distinguishing respiratory rates of heating
bees versus resting bees (19). Distinguishing the antennal state required an
average minimum of 3–5 s. If a bee was obscured from view, then her behavioral
state was not recorded. A bee sleeping inside a cell could not be
distinguished as exhibiting deep sleep, because her antennae were hidden
from view. For more information on identification of sleep in honey bees,
see Klein et al. (21)
Behaviors Recorded. We identified a bee as asleep when she was in a relaxedstate (i.e., body immobile, except for occasional twitches of a leg, tarsus, orextension of proboscis) and discontinuously ventilating. B.A.K. recorded sleepwhen individually marked bees were inside cells or when the bees wereoutside cells. When outside cells, bees’ antennae were immobile, exhibitedminute twitches, or exhibited larger, usually swaying, motions. A discontinuouslyventilating bee with immobile antennae was reported to be ina deep sleep state. Identifying discontinuous ventilation required carefulexamination of a bee for a minimum of 10 uninterrupted seconds, a durationestimated from an analysis distinguishing respiratory rates of heatingbees versus resting bees (19). Distinguishing the antennal state required anaverage minimum of 3–5 s. If a bee was obscured from view, then her behavioralstate was not recorded. A bee sleeping inside a cell could not bedistinguished as exhibiting deep sleep, because her antennae were hiddenfrom view. For more information on identification of sleep in honey bees,see Klein et al. (21)
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