Tourism and destination development: a critical role for transportation?
This issue of transport as a key element of destination development has a well- established place in tourism studies dating back to the seminal work by Gilbert (1939) on the evolution of resorts, in which transport and new technology (e.g. the railways) played a major part in expanding the accessibility of the destination (i.e. the place) to a wider population. If transport is such a critical element of the growth of destinations, it is important to understand what in fact a destination is Tourist destinations are a mix of tourism products, experiences and other intangible items promoted to consumers. At a general level, this concept of a destination can be developed to represent geographically defined entities such as groups of countries, individual countries, regions in a country, a rural area, a resort or a wide range of experiences created by tourism marketers. Increasingly, the notion of a destination is something perceived by consumers, although most conventional definitions emphasise the geographical element of a specific place. From a tourist's perspective, a destination may usually be classified into: conventional resorts; environmental destinations; business tourism centres; places one stops at en route to another place; a short-break destination and day-trip destinations. In essence, destinations are places which tourists visit and stay at. Whatever way one approaches the concept of a destination (i.e. from an industry-supply perspective or from the consumer's viewpoint), there are six interrelated components which comprise a destination, often refereed to as an amalgam of the six As:
- Available Packages;
- Accessibility;
- Attractions;
- Amenities;
- Activities; and
- Ancillary Services.
In this context, transport infrastructure and accessibility are two critical elements which Ritchie and Crouch (2003) highlight as facilitating destination development. Even so, the role of transport in this facilitating role has attracted very little attention from researchers (the most notable exception being Prideaux 2000a). Prideaux (2000a) characterised the role of transport in shaping destination development around a number of key concepts already highlighted in this chapter, focusing o the notion of a destination as the framework for analysing transport and tourism:
-as a staging post for travel elsewhere;
- as focal point for international and domestic tourism flows building on Leiper's (1990) arguments on a tourist transit route and flows;
- as a focus of perceived and actual travel time to get to a specific holiday destination;
- as a focus for transport networks which tourists use to travel within the destination and provision of interconnections to travel onwards to other destinations;
- as a focus for inbound tourism, particularly for tourist arrivals by air.
ท่องเที่ยวและปลายทางการพัฒนา: บทบาทสำคัญสำหรับการขนส่งหรือไม่ This issue of transport as a key element of destination development has a well- established place in tourism studies dating back to the seminal work by Gilbert (1939) on the evolution of resorts, in which transport and new technology (e.g. the railways) played a major part in expanding the accessibility of the destination (i.e. the place) to a wider population. If transport is such a critical element of the growth of destinations, it is important to understand what in fact a destination is Tourist destinations are a mix of tourism products, experiences and other intangible items promoted to consumers. At a general level, this concept of a destination can be developed to represent geographically defined entities such as groups of countries, individual countries, regions in a country, a rural area, a resort or a wide range of experiences created by tourism marketers. Increasingly, the notion of a destination is something perceived by consumers, although most conventional definitions emphasise the geographical element of a specific place. From a tourist's perspective, a destination may usually be classified into: conventional resorts; environmental destinations; business tourism centres; places one stops at en route to another place; a short-break destination and day-trip destinations. In essence, destinations are places which tourists visit and stay at. Whatever way one approaches the concept of a destination (i.e. from an industry-supply perspective or from the consumer's viewpoint), there are six interrelated components which comprise a destination, often refereed to as an amalgam of the six As: - Available Packages;- Accessibility;- Attractions;- Amenities;- Activities; and- Ancillary Services. In this context, transport infrastructure and accessibility are two critical elements which Ritchie and Crouch (2003) highlight as facilitating destination development. Even so, the role of transport in this facilitating role has attracted very little attention from researchers (the most notable exception being Prideaux 2000a). Prideaux (2000a) characterised the role of transport in shaping destination development around a number of key concepts already highlighted in this chapter, focusing o the notion of a destination as the framework for analysing transport and tourism: -as a staging post for travel elsewhere; - as focal point for international and domestic tourism flows building on Leiper's (1990) arguments on a tourist transit route and flows; - as a focus of perceived and actual travel time to get to a specific holiday destination;- as a focus for transport networks which tourists use to travel within the destination and provision of interconnections to travel onwards to other destinations; - as a focus for inbound tourism, particularly for tourist arrivals by air.
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