Because of the continuously increasing use of fossil fuels and
levels of exhaust emissions since the Industrial Revolution, green-
house gas levels in the atmosphere, especially CO 2 , have been
increasing and contributing to global warming and climate change.
Therefore, worldwide scientific efforts have attempted to mitigate
CO 2 accumulation. One useful solution among the various schemes
for CO 2 abatement is the capture and utilization of CO 2 (CCU), in
which waste CO 2 is recycled and converted into valuable chemicals
through biocatalysis