Frequency of careThe frequency with which pin site care should take place varies greatly in the literature. Frequency varies from four times a day to weekly care (McKenzie 1999). The Jones-Walton (1991) survey reported pin site care frequencies of once a day, twice a day, every shift, three and four times a day, and every four hours. Olson (1996) stated that a standard pin site care protocol that has been scientifically tested and is known to be significantly effective in preventing pin site reactions has yet to be reported in the nursing or medical literature. Olson (1996) recommended that a protocol, which is effective in infection control, cost effective and minimises skin irritation, needs to be developed based on systematic investigation.