Because counseling psychology was created to respond to the psychological needs of persons that did not have to be hospitalized, primary emphasis was given to theoretical developments advocating brief treatment. Both directive (Williamson) and nondirective (Rogers) models of counseling, developed in the late 1930s and 1940s, provided a springboard for the development of myriad time-limited strategies during the second half of the twentieth century. Conceptualizations of cognitive developmental theorists complemented the work of personality theorists on how intact humans process interpersonal and environmental experiences, promoting research and intervention of psychological adjustment problems and for helping persons move through transitions with a minimum of disruption and a maximum of new opportunities.