The effect of protein on the texture parameters of rice flour-based muffins is shown in Table 4. According to ANOVA results, muffins differed significantly (P < 0.05) in crumb hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience. The incorporation of protein sources increased significantly (P < 0.05) springiness and cohesiveness of muffins samples, except with addition of SPI, which showed the same values as the No-Protein sample. The hardness significantly (P < 0.05) increased only in presence of casein. It was also observed that hardness and chewiness showed similar trend for all samples, with exception of muffins containing EWP, which had the highest chewiness value.
In general, the addition of vegetal protein sources did not induce a clear tendency on crumb hardness. However, PPI containing muffins showed the lowest hardness, and the highest springiness value among the samples made from vegetable proteins. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the springiness and cohesiveness was observed in VWG and PPI containing muffins, while only the sample containing VWG showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the chewiness, indicating more difficulty in chewing the sample. All muffins containing vegetal proteins showed low resilience value; however no significant differences were observed in this parameter when compared with No-Protein.
The effect of protein on the texture parameters of rice flour-based muffins is shown in Table 4. According to ANOVA results, muffins differed significantly (P < 0.05) in crumb hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience. The incorporation of protein sources increased significantly (P < 0.05) springiness and cohesiveness of muffins samples, except with addition of SPI, which showed the same values as the No-Protein sample. The hardness significantly (P < 0.05) increased only in presence of casein. It was also observed that hardness and chewiness showed similar trend for all samples, with exception of muffins containing EWP, which had the highest chewiness value.In general, the addition of vegetal protein sources did not induce a clear tendency on crumb hardness. However, PPI containing muffins showed the lowest hardness, and the highest springiness value among the samples made from vegetable proteins. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the springiness and cohesiveness was observed in VWG and PPI containing muffins, while only the sample containing VWG showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the chewiness, indicating more difficulty in chewing the sample. All muffins containing vegetal proteins showed low resilience value; however no significant differences were observed in this parameter when compared with No-Protein.
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