The early closing of certain design parameters was a reason for the
‘U-turn’ turbulence late in the decision process. The first working group
had decided to exclude the bale-arm tray design for quality and
hygienic reasons. This has been commented upon in Stahre (1996),
where he describes Safeway’s high loss of trays due to weak material in
the bale arms. That was a material technology problem, which was
solved when Tesco developed its second-generation bale-arm tray.
By focusing on the stack/nest design based on 180-degree rotation,
both working groups missed that product development had advanced
during the years. The possibility of improving the empty tray space