concentration in the shoots and roots, i.e., 2416 ± 63 and
21,036 ± 78 mg Cu/kg, respectively. The leaves of plants turned
colorless, and became narrower and dried up. The vascular bundles
of the roots were strongly affected, indicating the negative impact
of high Cu concentration. Damage to the roots can lead to a
deformity of the shoot morphology (Fig. S-1c-i) and the Typha sp.
absorbed Cu metal in a similar manner to the impurity translocation
from the roots to the shoots (Fig. S-1c-ii). This suggests that
the plant tissues may reach their maximum saturation levels of
phytoaccumulation and phytoextraction at higher Cu concentrations
within a shorter period of time. This also shows that plant
deformities can occur, even under lower Cu concentrations if the
phytoremediation system is operated for longer times. However,
the response of plants to metal concentration and its accumulation
depends on plant species due to different plant growth rates and
heavy metal uptake affinities (Kumari and Tripathi, 2014). Current
research well supports the potentiality of Typha sp. for the elimination
of Cu metal.