Land-use planning can be applied at three broad levels: national, district and local. These are not necessarily sequential but correspond to the levels of government at which decisions about land use are taken.
Different kinds of decision are taken at each level, where the methods of planning and kinds of plan also differ. However, at each level there is need for a land-use strategy, policies that indicate planning priorities, projects that tackle these priorities and operational planning to get the work done.
The greater the interaction between the three levels of planning, the better. The flow of information should be in both directions (Fig. 1). At each successive level of planning, the degree of detail needed increases, and so too should the direct participation of the local people.
Box 3
Land-use regulations - a comment
The following observations, made by an FAO field staff member, could apply to almost any developing country:
• "There are a lot of regulations here - for example, forest conservation, fisheries - that are flouted with the connivance of the officials who are supposed to enforce them. Regulations have to be publicly accepted if they are to work. There aren't enough policemen to go around imposing unwanted regulations in rural areas."
• "Land-use planning is as much a matter of public education as of land-use zoning and regulation."
Figure 1: Two-way links between planning at different levels
National level
At the national level, planning is concerned with national goals and the allocation of resources. In many cases, national land-use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different uses, but the establishment of priorities for district-level projects. A national land-use plan may cover:
• land-use policy: balancing the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy food production, export crops, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing and public amenities, roads, industry;
• national development plans and budget: project identification and the allocation of resources for development;
• coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use;
• legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights.
National goals are complex while policy decisions, legislation and fiscal measures affect many people and wide areas. Decision-makers cannot possibly be specialists in all facets of land use, so the planners' responsibility is to present the relevant information in terms that the decision-makers can both comprehend and act on.
District level
District level refers not necessarily to administrative districts but also to land areas that fall between national and local levels. Development projects are often at this level, where planning first comes to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability to meet project goals. When planning is initiated nationally, national priorities have to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between national and local interests will have to be resolved. The kinds of issues tackled at this stage include:
• the siting of developments such as new settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes;
• the need for improved infrastructure such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities;
• the development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land.
Local level
The local planning unit may be the village, a group of villages or a small water catchment. At this level, it is easiest to fit the plan to the people, making use of local people's knowledge and contributions. Where planning is initiated at the district level, the programme of work to implement changes in land use or management has to be carried out locally. Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning, with its priorities drawn up by the local people. Local-level planning is about getting things done on particular areas of land - what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible.
Box 4
Starting at the local level: bottom-up planning
"Bottom-up" planning is initiated at the local level and involves active participation by the local community. The experience and local knowledge of the land users and local technical staff are mobilized to identify development priorities and to draw up and implement plans.
The advantages are:
• local targets, local management and local benefits. People will be more enthusiastic about a plan seen as their own, and they will be more willing to participate in its implementation and monitoring;
• more popular awareness of land-use problems and opportunities;
• plans can pay close attention to local constraints, whether these are related to natural resources or socio-economic problems;
• better information is fed upwards for higher levels of planning
The disadvantages are that:
• local interests are not always the same as regional
• or national interests;
• difficulties occur in integrating local plans within a wider fr
สามารถใช้วางแผนการใช้ที่ดินระดับสามสิ่ง: ชาติ อำเภอและท้องถิ่น เหล่านี้ไม่จำเป็นต้องเรียงตามลำดับ แต่ไม่สอดคล้องกับระดับของรัฐบาลที่ตัดสินใจที่เกี่ยวกับที่ดินนำมาใช้ตัดสินใจที่แตกต่างกันไปถูกถ่ายแต่ละระดับ ซึ่งวิธีการของชนิดของการวางแผนและการวางแผนยังแตกต่างกันด้วย อย่างไรก็ตาม ในแต่ละระดับ มีความจำเป็นสำหรับกลยุทธ์การใช้ที่ดิน นโยบายที่ระบุระดับความสำคัญของการวางแผน โครงการที่แก้ไขปัญหาสำคัญและการวางแผนการดำเนินงานการทำงานเหล่านี้ยิ่งการโต้ตอบระหว่างสามระดับของการวางแผน ที่ดีกว่า การไหลของข้อมูลควรอยู่ในทั้งสองทิศทาง (รูปที่ 1) แต่ละระดับต่อเนื่องของการวางแผน ระดับของรายละเอียดที่จำเป็นเพิ่มขึ้น และเกินไป ควรมีส่วนร่วมโดยตรงของคนท้องถิ่นช่องที่ 3ใช้ที่ดินกฎระเบียบ - ความคิดเห็นข้อสังเกตต่อไปนี้ โดย FAO ฟิลด์พนักงาน ไม่ใช้กับประเทศกำลังพัฒนาเกือบทุก:• "มีจำนวนมากของกฎระเบียบที่นี่ -เช่น อนุรักษ์ป่า ประมง - ที่ flouted กับ connivance ของเจ้าหน้าที่ที่ควรจะบังคับพวกเขา ระเบียบข้อบังคับจะต้องยอมรับต่อสาธารณชนว่า พวกเขาจะทำงานได้ มีไม่เพียงพอตำรวจไปรอบ ๆ สง่างามระเบียบที่ไม่พึงประสงค์ในชนบท"• "การวางแผนการใช้ที่ดินเป็นมากเรื่องการศึกษาสาธารณะ ณโซนการใช้ที่ดินและการควบคุม"รูปที่ 1: สองทางเชื่อมโยงระหว่างการวางแผนในระดับต่าง ๆNational levelAt the national level, planning is concerned with national goals and the allocation of resources. In many cases, national land-use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different uses, but the establishment of priorities for district-level projects. A national land-use plan may cover:• land-use policy: balancing the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy food production, export crops, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing and public amenities, roads, industry;• national development plans and budget: project identification and the allocation of resources for development;• coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use;• legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights.National goals are complex while policy decisions, legislation and fiscal measures affect many people and wide areas. Decision-makers cannot possibly be specialists in all facets of land use, so the planners' responsibility is to present the relevant information in terms that the decision-makers can both comprehend and act on.District levelDistrict level refers not necessarily to administrative districts but also to land areas that fall between national and local levels. Development projects are often at this level, where planning first comes to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability to meet project goals. When planning is initiated nationally, national priorities have to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between national and local interests will have to be resolved. The kinds of issues tackled at this stage include:• the siting of developments such as new settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes;• the need for improved infrastructure such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities;• the development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land.Local levelThe local planning unit may be the village, a group of villages or a small water catchment. At this level, it is easiest to fit the plan to the people, making use of local people's knowledge and contributions. Where planning is initiated at the district level, the programme of work to implement changes in land use or management has to be carried out locally. Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning, with its priorities drawn up by the local people. Local-level planning is about getting things done on particular areas of land - what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible.Box 4Starting at the local level: bottom-up planning"Bottom-up" planning is initiated at the local level and involves active participation by the local community. The experience and local knowledge of the land users and local technical staff are mobilized to identify development priorities and to draw up and implement plans.The advantages are:• local targets, local management and local benefits. People will be more enthusiastic about a plan seen as their own, and they will be more willing to participate in its implementation and monitoring;• more popular awareness of land-use problems and opportunities;• plans can pay close attention to local constraints, whether these are related to natural resources or socio-economic problems;• better information is fed upwards for higher levels of planningThe disadvantages are that:• local interests are not always the same as regional• or national interests;• difficulties occur in integrating local plans within a wider fr
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