In 1997, addition of 2% cauliflower fiber in beef burger improved the yield
by about 10%, accompanied with texture improvement (50). In 2002, 3% of oat fiber
Theerachai Wongmetinee Literature Review / 18
could be used to provide the flavor, texture and mouthfeel of fat in low-fat ground beef
and pork sausages (51). In 2004, rye bran at 5 to 20% was utilized as a fat substitute
in the production of meatballs (52). Currently, many studies have been focused on
using dietary fiber in fishery products, including vegetable fibers and chitosan.
Up to 6% of wheat fiber was added in restructured products with virtually no effect
on appearance; meaning that not only is it possible to add more water to products,
but the water is also more efficiently bound, even after cooking (53).