In conclusion, the bacterial and the phage fractions of human and animal wastewater contain variable amounts of ARGs, which differ according to the level of expansion of the different resistance genes, and vary between geographical areas that differ in socio-economic and cultural characteristics, climate and geographic background. Consequently, the study of ARGs in wastewater is an interesting option for studying antibiotic resistance spread and may even be a good instrument for detecting resistance before it appears in clinical settings.