As one can see, labels used to distinguish between economically developed and developing countries vary quite a bit. The terms used to describe the economic development process itself, however, are much more rigorously defined. For example, while the terms "economic growth" and "economic development" are often used interchangeably, there is an important distinction between these two terms. The term "economic growth" refers to an increase (or growth) in real national income or product expressed usually as per capita income. National income or product itself is commonly expressed in terms of a measure of the aggregate output of the economy called gross national product (GNP). Per capita income then is simply gross national product divided by the population of the country. When the GNP of a nation rises, whatever the means of achieving the outcome, economists refer to it as a rise in economic growth. The term "economic development," on the other hand, implies much more. This can best be illustrated with the help of an example. If we look at the developments in South Korea and Libya since 1960, we discover fundamentally different situations. Both these countries experienced a huge rise in the real per capita income, but the reasons for the increases are vastly different. Libya's increased per capita income resulted from the discovery of crude oil reserves; Libya harvested these oil resources with the help of foreign corporations that were largely staffed by foreign technicians. Libya thus produced a single product of great importance that was exported mainly to the United States and Western Europe. While Libyans (both the government and people) received large incomes from selling oil, they did not play a major role in producing that income—income that increased based on a windfall gain.
Economists do not usually consider Libya's increased per capita income as an instance of economic development. "Economic development" embodies a greater number of characteristics than a rise in per capita income alone—it implies certain fundamental changes in the structure of the national economy. South Korea provides an example of a country that has experienced economic development. The South Korean economy has also undergone a large increase in its per capita income. In addition, it has witnessed some important structural changes. Two of the most important changes taking place in South Korea are: (1) A rising share of industry in the total national output (the real gross national product) and the accompanying falling share of the agricultural sector in GNP; (2) An increasing percentage of the total population of South Korea living in cities rather than in the countryside. Aside from these two fundamental changes, a nation undergoing economic development goes through a number of additional changes. The demographic composition of the population (age groups that comprise the total population) changes as economic development progresses. Consumption patterns of individuals also change—people no longer have to spend the majority of their income on food and other necessities. Instead, they spend a small fraction of their income on necessities and the remaining large fraction on consumer durables and items that pertain to leisure activities.
A key characteristic of economic development is that the people substantially participate in the development process and in changing the fundamental structure of the economy. While some foreign involvement is generally inevitable, for economic growth to be described as economic development, the people of the country must participate not only in the enjoyment of benefits from the rise in per capita income, but also in the production process itself. Moreover, economic growth must confer benefits on a broad group of individuals—if it benefits only a small minority, it is not deemed as economic development. It should be noted that while much more is implied by economic development than economic growth, there can be no economic development without economic growth (that is, a rise in the real per capita income).
เป็นหนึ่งสามารถดู ป้ายชื่อที่ใช้ในการแยกระหว่างเศรษฐกิจพัฒนา และประเทศกำลังพัฒนาแตกต่างกันไปไม่น้อย คำที่ใช้อธิบายกระบวนการพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจเอง อย่างไรก็ตาม อย่างเข้มงวดมากขึ้นที่กำหนดไว้ ตัวอย่างเช่น ในขณะที่เงื่อนไข "เศรษฐกิจ" และ "พัฒนาเศรษฐกิจ" มักจะใช้แทน ที่มีความแตกต่างสำคัญระหว่างเงื่อนไขเหล่านี้สอง คำว่า "เศรษฐกิจ" หมายถึงการเพิ่ม (หรือเจริญเติบโต) ในรายได้แห่งชาติจริงหรือผลิตภัณฑ์ที่จะแสดงตามรายได้ตู้ รายได้แห่งชาติหรือผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ตัวเองมักจะแสดงในแง่ของการวัดของผลผลิตรวมของระบบเศรษฐกิจที่เรียกว่าผลิตภัณฑ์รวมชาติ (GNP) รายได้ต่อหัวแล้วเป็นเพียงขั้นต้นแห่งชาติผลิตภัณฑ์แบ่งตามจำนวนประชากรของประเทศ เมื่อ GNP ของประเทศเพิ่มขึ้น สิ่งที่หมายถึงการบรรลุผล นักเศรษฐศาสตร์เรียกมันว่าเศรษฐกิจเติบโตขึ้น ระยะ "การพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจ บนมืออื่น ๆ ความหมายมาก สามารถที่ดีที่สุดภาพของตัวอย่าง ถ้าเรามองไปที่การพัฒนาในเกาหลีใต้และประเทศลิเบียตั้งแต่ 1960 เราพบสถานการณ์พื้นฐานต่าง ๆ ทั้งประเทศเหล่านี้มีประสบการณ์รายได้จริงต่อหัวเพิ่มขึ้นมาก แต่สาเหตุของการเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างมากแตกต่างกัน ส่งผลให้รายได้ต่อหัวเพิ่มขึ้นของลิเบียจากการค้นพบน้ำมันดิบสำรอง ลิเบียเก็บเกี่ยวเหล่านี้แหล่งน้ำมันของบริษัทต่างประเทศที่มีพนักงานช่างต่างประเทศส่วนใหญ่ ลิเบียจึงผลิตผลิตภัณฑ์เดียวของสำคัญที่ส่งออกไปสหรัฐอเมริกาและยุโรปตะวันตกส่วนใหญ่ ขณะ Libyans (ทั้งรัฐบาลและผู้คน) ได้รับมากรายได้จากการขายน้ำมัน พวกเขาไม่ได้เล่นบทบาทสำคัญในการผลิตที่รายได้ซึ่งรายได้ที่เพิ่มขึ้นตามกำไรหล่นEconomists do not usually consider Libya's increased per capita income as an instance of economic development. "Economic development" embodies a greater number of characteristics than a rise in per capita income alone—it implies certain fundamental changes in the structure of the national economy. South Korea provides an example of a country that has experienced economic development. The South Korean economy has also undergone a large increase in its per capita income. In addition, it has witnessed some important structural changes. Two of the most important changes taking place in South Korea are: (1) A rising share of industry in the total national output (the real gross national product) and the accompanying falling share of the agricultural sector in GNP; (2) An increasing percentage of the total population of South Korea living in cities rather than in the countryside. Aside from these two fundamental changes, a nation undergoing economic development goes through a number of additional changes. The demographic composition of the population (age groups that comprise the total population) changes as economic development progresses. Consumption patterns of individuals also change—people no longer have to spend the majority of their income on food and other necessities. Instead, they spend a small fraction of their income on necessities and the remaining large fraction on consumer durables and items that pertain to leisure activities.A key characteristic of economic development is that the people substantially participate in the development process and in changing the fundamental structure of the economy. While some foreign involvement is generally inevitable, for economic growth to be described as economic development, the people of the country must participate not only in the enjoyment of benefits from the rise in per capita income, but also in the production process itself. Moreover, economic growth must confer benefits on a broad group of individuals—if it benefits only a small minority, it is not deemed as economic development. It should be noted that while much more is implied by economic development than economic growth, there can be no economic development without economic growth (that is, a rise in the real per capita income).
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