A study by Tung (1987) across 80 US MNCs had identified four general categories which may
contribute to expatriate success. These categories are (1) technical competence, (2) personality traits
or relational abilities, (3) environmental variables, and (4) family situations. Later, by examining 15
organisations, Ronen (1989) as cited in Chew (2004) developed a model, for an effective selection,
that consists of five categories: (1) job factors, (2) relational dimensions, (3) motivational state, (4)
family situation, and (5) language skills.