The practice of PM generates costs, including personnel expenditures, standardization costs, and training costs(Thomas and Mullaly, 2008). We refer to these costs as the organizational costs OCs) of PM. ocs can be divided into process, personnel, and infrastructure costs, and they consist of costs for the devel- opment of process descriptions, the creation of PM manuals, and the establishment of PM processes within organizations as well as consultancy fees, operating costs for PM-related processes, governance costs, and the costs of operating a project portfolio board.