Historical developments
Infusion pumps have been used for over 40 years in the UK
and their design over this time has changed significantly.
In 1976, a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump was
developed and IV medication could be controlled by the
patient using a hand switch.The ‘Cardiff Palliator’(Evans et al,
1976) was the first commercially available PCA device and its
launch was seen as a significant development in application of
technology to health care (Figure 2). Constant plasma levels of
opioid and consistent analgesia were more easily attained and
it allowed patients to have as little or as much opioid as they
wanted (within set limits).
The same year the Breckenridge Report made strong
recommendations to those staff involved in IV administration
to look at safer areas to prepare, calculate dosages and set
up these infusions; even suggesting that some of the highrisk
medications should be prepared only by the pharmacy
department to further reduce risk (Department of Health and
Social Security, 1976).
By 1979, a clockwork syringe driver (Handley Injector)
(Figure 3) was used in a trial for post-surgery pain relief
(Fry, 1979). Owing to its success the authors suggested its
application could be considered in other areas of the hospital
outside the intensive care unit.
With the expansion of technology and computer chips, the
1980s saw a range of infusion pumps appear in the UK with
ever-increasing functions and features. Some syringe pumps
used a thumb-wheel controller to switch the pump on and
set the infusion rate (ml per hour).Worryingly, these thumbwheel
controls (e.g.Vickers IP3) (Figure 4) could easily be
increased by a factor of 100 by pressing a button just once, or
accidentally switched off without the user knowing.Advances
in front-panel design allowed for cleanable key-panel surfaces
(e.g. Graseby 3100) (Figure 5) However, the issue of an
accidental rate increase by a factor of 100 still existed.
Some volumetric pumps used electronic ‘drop-counters’
to keep a check on the drip-rate as the fluid fell in the drip
chamber of the administration set (e.g. Ivac 531) (Figure 6).
The pump would alarm to indicate any variation from the
initial set rate.The alarm sound was usually the same for all
instances of error,and a single light (usually red) was the only
visible cue that something was amiss. Unfortunately there
was no such drop-counter, or air-in-line detector on syringe
pumps and these still relied on careful set up.As a result these
gave rise to the highest risk of mortality due to error and the
type of medication being administered.
Historical developmentsInfusion pumps have been used for over 40 years in the UKand their design over this time has changed significantly.In 1976, a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump wasdeveloped and IV medication could be controlled by thepatient using a hand switch.The ‘Cardiff Palliator’(Evans et al,1976) was the first commercially available PCA device and itslaunch was seen as a significant development in application oftechnology to health care (Figure 2). Constant plasma levels ofopioid and consistent analgesia were more easily attained andit allowed patients to have as little or as much opioid as theywanted (within set limits).The same year the Breckenridge Report made strongrecommendations to those staff involved in IV administrationto look at safer areas to prepare, calculate dosages and setup these infusions; even suggesting that some of the highriskmedications should be prepared only by the pharmacydepartment to further reduce risk (Department of Health andSocial Security, 1976).By 1979, a clockwork syringe driver (Handley Injector)(Figure 3) was used in a trial for post-surgery pain relief(Fry, 1979). Owing to its success the authors suggested itsapplication could be considered in other areas of the hospitaloutside the intensive care unit.With the expansion of technology and computer chips, the1980s saw a range of infusion pumps appear in the UK withever-increasing functions and features. Some syringe pumpsใช้ตัวควบคุมล้อนิ้วหัวแม่มือเปิดในปั๊ม และกำหนดอัตราคอนกรีต (มล.ต่อชั่วโมง) Worryingly, thumbwheel เหล่านี้ควบคุม (e.g.Vickers IP3) (รูปที่ 4) สามารถทำให้เพิ่มขึ้นคูณ 100 โดยการกดปุ่มเพียงครั้งเดียว หรือบังเอิญถูกปิดโดยไม่ทราบผู้ใช้ ความก้าวหน้าในการออกแบบแผงหน้าปัดที่อนุญาตสำหรับพื้นผิวของแผงคีย์เครื่อง(เช่น Graseby 3100) (รูปที่ 5) อย่างไรก็ตาม ปัญหาของการเพิ่มอัตราอุบัติเหตุ โดยคูณ 100 ยังอยู่บางปั๊ม volumetric ใช้อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ 'หล่นเคาน์เตอร์'ให้ตรวจสอบอัตราหยดเป็นน้ำตกหยดหอการค้าชุดบริหาร (เช่น Ivac 531) (รูปที่ 6)ปั๊มจะปลุกเพื่อบ่งชี้การเปลี่ยนแปลงใด ๆ จากการอัตราการตั้งค่าเริ่มต้น เสียงปลุกปกติทั้งหมดอินสแตนซ์ของข้อผิดพลาด และไฟเดียว (โดยปกติสีแดง) ที่ถูกส่งสัญลักษณ์ที่มองเห็นว่า สิ่งมี แต่มีถูกไม่เช่น เคาน์เตอร์หล่น หรืออากาศในบรรทัดเครื่องตรวจจับบนเข็มปั๊มและเหล่านี้ยังอาศัยชุดระวังค่า ดังนี้ให้ความเสี่ยงสูงสุดของการตายเนื่องจากข้อผิดพลาดและชนิดของยาที่มีการจัดการ
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
