Fig. 4. Phylogeny of Asian mtDNA Haplotypes. This representative tree is based on data from 153 Central and Southeast Asians, 54 Tibetans, and 758 aboriginal Siberians. The Asian mtDNA phylogeny is bifurcated into two macro-haplogroups. One macro-haplogroup lacks the DdeI site at np 10394, as well lacking an AluI site at np 10397, and thus is designated (−/−), whereas the other macro-haplogroup has these restriction sites and is thus designated (+/+). The later group is called macro-haplogroup ‘M’. Within these two major Asian mtDNA lineages are multiple important haplogroups. Haplogroup F is (−/−) and is found at high frequency in Southeast Asia, but declines toward Northeast Asia. Haplogroups A and B are −/−, whereas haplogroups C and D are (+/+). These four mtDNA lineages are at a low frequency in Southern Asia, but rise to high frequencies in Northeast Asia, where they participated in the peopling of the Americas. This tree is reprinted from Torroni et al. (1994c) with permission.