Dirty shared toilets are a health risk to users in urban slum settlements. For health and nonhealth benefits among users of shared toilets to be guaranteed, their cleanliness is important. The objective of this study was to investigate the cleanliness situation of shared toilets in Kampala’s slums and the psychological and social dilemma factors influencing users’ cleaning behaviour and commitment by using the risks, attitudes, norms, ability and selfregulation (RANAS) model and factors derived from the social dilemma theory