The interplay between parasitoid attraction and resistance
is well-studied in the context of direct versus
indirect defense. In some cases, synergism is expected
(e.g., the slow-growth high-mortality hypothesis that
plant toxins which slow herbivore development increase
exposure to predators and parasitoids), while in others the
outcome is more variable. For example, glandular trichomes
are a site of volatile synthesis for attracting
parasitoids [39,40], but trichomes also impede parasitoid
foraging on the leaf surface and disrupt host-finding
[41,42]. The functional relationship between parasitoids
and plant tolerance, on the other hand, may be less
ambiguous compared with resistance. Although tolerance
responses involving reallocation of plant resources away
from vegetative tissue and toward flower, seed, or root
production may decrease foliar resources available for