Air shipment was more expensive, but not prohibitively so. Thus, one industry participant suggested that air freight from Spain to the Middle East might cost 3%-5% of FOB price ( compared with 1.5% for sea freight) and, along with a 1.5% landing charge, a 1% finance charge, miscellaneous expenses, and ( generally) a 4% customs duty, bring the landed markup on FOB price to 12% or so. In the case of the United States, a 20%-25% landed markup seemed a better approximation because of tariffs of up to 12% as well as other added cast elements.