Because of asymmetrical information, it is difficult to monitor officers and
hold them accountable for their actions. The absence of supervision and
accountability gives workers an opportunity to refrain from performing
public duties. The absence of measures designed to maintain the integrity of
staff—such as the promotion and enforcement of ethical standards, meritbased
recruitment and promotion procedures, and regular staff rotation
schemes to prevent the creation of lucrative networks—increases the likelihood
of staff indulging in corrupt practices.