Additionally, the manager may attempt to guide the analyst’s forecast down to a “beatable level,” a phenomenon referred to as “expectations management.” This paper provides an overview of these three mechanisms and describes the interrelationships among them. Recent changes in the regulatory environment in the United States (e.g., Regulation Fair Disclosure and the Sarbanes Oxley Act) have changed managers’ use of these tools. This paper discusses these changes as well. Evidence of the existence of these practices in both the United States and in various countries throughout the world is discussed.