Dow et al. (1999) developed a TQM model in order to explore the impact of TQM practices on the firm's quality performance. They indicated that quality practices can be categorised into nine dimensions: workforce commitment, shared vision, customer focus, use of teams, personnel training, cooperative supplier relations, use of benchmarking, advanced manufacturing systems, and use of just-in-time principles. These constructs were similar with those identified in the six above studies, except for the use of teams, and just-in-time principles.