family chain reflect the product of their ownership of intermediate companies along
the chain, such that total cash-flow rights equal the sumo fall cash-flow rights from all
chains. For example, if Family A owns 30 percent of Company B, which itself owns 20
percent of Company C, then, as we demonstrate in Figure 1, Family A’s control of the
voting rights in Company C is 50 percent, equalto30percentofthedirectholding
plus 20 per cent of the indirect holding shares. The cash-flow rights that Family A
generates from Company C are 36 per cent, which equals 30 per cent of the direct
holding plus 6 percent (30% Â 20%) of the indirect holding shares.