Article 37 gives the seller the right to cure any non-conformity in the goods until the due date. This right to make supplementary shipments or improvements affects neither the buyer's right to claim damages or reimbursement for expenses that result from the early delivery nor his remedies for damages that may have been caused by the curing of the non-conformity. (Only) if the remedying of the defect causes the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or expense may the buyer instead refuse to accept the cure and assert his remedies for breach of contract caused by the lack of conformity.[261] After the due date for delivery, however, the seller can only cure non-conformities as permitted by Article 48.
b) Examination and Notice by the Buyer (Articles 38-40, 44)
As a prefatory [262] provision, Article 38 controls the time when the goods must be examined.[262a] It is uncertain whether, in cases of early delivery, the "short period" in paragraph (1) begins from actual delivery or from the date when performance was due under the contract.[263]
If the goods must be transported, Article 38(2) postpones the time for examination until the goods have arrived at their destination. Difficulties arose - even in Vienna - concerning goods which are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer after resale. The version finally adopted in Article 38(3) should make clear that, in the case of reshipment due to resale, examination may be deferred until the goods arrive at their new destination. Thus the packaging, for example, need not be opened beforehand.[264] In order to postpone the examination, it is also necessary that the seller knew or ought to have known that a redirection or redispatch was possible, so that the seller does not assume prematurely - in regard to the time of arrival at the buyer's - that the examination took place and produced no objections.
Unfortunately, unlike under ULIS Article 38(4), the law and usages of the place of examination are irrelevant with regard to the procedures for examination.[265] Yet the international usages mentioned in the Secretariat's Commentary are often of little help. On the other hand, it may frequently be possible to find an implied agreement under Article 9(1), or habitual practices between the parties, in order to allow for application of local examination customs.[page 69]
If the buyer discovers or ought to have discovered a lack of conformity, then he must notify the seller of defects within a "reasonable" time. Notification must also be given if entirely different goods are delivered.[266] As in ULIS and the German Commercial Code, the notice is effective upon dispatch (Article 27), but it must be sent by a means of communication appropriate to the circumstances and generally designed to reach the addressee. The notice must specify the nature of the lack of conformity in the delivered goods (Article 39(1)). It is irrelevant whether the non-conformity is discovered or ought to have been discovered during the required examination or does not appear until later as a "hidden" defect. In any case, notice must be given when the defect becomes known or recognizable.
The seller cannot object to the failure to examine and notify of defects if the defects are based on circumstances of which he knew or ought to have known and which he did not disclose to the buyer
Article 37 gives the seller the right to cure any non-conformity in the goods until the due date. This right to make supplementary shipments or improvements affects neither the buyer's right to claim damages or reimbursement for expenses that result from the early delivery nor his remedies for damages that may have been caused by the curing of the non-conformity. (Only) if the remedying of the defect causes the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or expense may the buyer instead refuse to accept the cure and assert his remedies for breach of contract caused by the lack of conformity.[261] After the due date for delivery, however, the seller can only cure non-conformities as permitted by Article 48.
b) Examination and Notice by the Buyer (Articles 38-40, 44)
As a prefatory [262] provision, Article 38 controls the time when the goods must be examined.[262a] It is uncertain whether, in cases of early delivery, the "short period" in paragraph (1) begins from actual delivery or from the date when performance was due under the contract.[263]
If the goods must be transported, Article 38(2) postpones the time for examination until the goods have arrived at their destination. Difficulties arose - even in Vienna - concerning goods which are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer after resale. The version finally adopted in Article 38(3) should make clear that, in the case of reshipment due to resale, examination may be deferred until the goods arrive at their new destination. Thus the packaging, for example, need not be opened beforehand.[264] In order to postpone the examination, it is also necessary that the seller knew or ought to have known that a redirection or redispatch was possible, so that the seller does not assume prematurely - in regard to the time of arrival at the buyer's - that the examination took place and produced no objections.
Unfortunately, unlike under ULIS Article 38(4), the law and usages of the place of examination are irrelevant with regard to the procedures for examination.[265] Yet the international usages mentioned in the Secretariat's Commentary are often of little help. On the other hand, it may frequently be possible to find an implied agreement under Article 9(1), or habitual practices between the parties, in order to allow for application of local examination customs.[page 69]
If the buyer discovers or ought to have discovered a lack of conformity, then he must notify the seller of defects within a "reasonable" time. Notification must also be given if entirely different goods are delivered.[266] As in ULIS and the German Commercial Code, the notice is effective upon dispatch (Article 27), but it must be sent by a means of communication appropriate to the circumstances and generally designed to reach the addressee. The notice must specify the nature of the lack of conformity in the delivered goods (Article 39(1)). It is irrelevant whether the non-conformity is discovered or ought to have been discovered during the required examination or does not appear until later as a "hidden" defect. In any case, notice must be given when the defect becomes known or recognizable.
The seller cannot object to the failure to examine and notify of defects if the defects are based on circumstances of which he knew or ought to have known and which he did not disclose to the buyer
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