(b) Visual—for all welds made by a manual process, the operator must be able to see all of the weld. In the
case of automated welds this is desirable but not so essential.
(c) Technique—to ensure that the chosen technique can be correctly performed, e.g. two-handed processes
such as ‘TIG+filler’ have different space requirements to manual electrode welds.
(d) Equipment—in some cases, e.g. MIG, the size of the equipment may limit its application in confined
spaces.
For most manual purposes the operator’s head and screen can be assumed to be 300 mm diameter with the
eyes at least 100 mm from the top of such a sphere. Welding should not be, in general, more than about 600
mm from the eyes of the welder, whose body should be assumed to be 450 mm diameter. Automated welds,
for example in piping systems of nuclear power plant, may be made by orbital welding processes. In such
cases the facility now exists for remote viewing of the weld pool by TV, or by fibre optical systems.
When the weld is completed, access for testing is required and for dye penetrant and magnetic particle
testing this does not usually present problems. X-ray testing may be impossible due to the size of
the equipment and stand-off required, whilst gamma radiography can present health hazards in confined
spaces. Unless joints have been designed with ultrasonic testing in view [6] this can be impractical, or take
(b) Visual—for all welds made by a manual process, the operator must be able to see all of the weld. In the
case of automated welds this is desirable but not so essential.
(c) Technique—to ensure that the chosen technique can be correctly performed, e.g. two-handed processes
such as ‘TIG+filler’ have different space requirements to manual electrode welds.
(d) Equipment—in some cases, e.g. MIG, the size of the equipment may limit its application in confined
spaces.
For most manual purposes the operator’s head and screen can be assumed to be 300 mm diameter with the
eyes at least 100 mm from the top of such a sphere. Welding should not be, in general, more than about 600
mm from the eyes of the welder, whose body should be assumed to be 450 mm diameter. Automated welds,
for example in piping systems of nuclear power plant, may be made by orbital welding processes. In such
cases the facility now exists for remote viewing of the weld pool by TV, or by fibre optical systems.
When the weld is completed, access for testing is required and for dye penetrant and magnetic particle
testing this does not usually present problems. X-ray testing may be impossible due to the size of
the equipment and stand-off required, whilst gamma radiography can present health hazards in confined
spaces. Unless joints have been designed with ultrasonic testing in view [6] this can be impractical, or take
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