In this paper, we describe the developmental status of high-school aged adolescent
science learners. We specifically examine the cognitive abilities of adolescent learners
across five domains: adaptability, complex communication/social skills, non-routine
problem-solving skills, self-management/self-development, and systems thinking. We
then describe how science educators can create social contexts that foster the emergence
and development of these abilities. We conclude by providing research-based
recommendations for science educators.