This observation is consistent with the “era of turbulence” proclaimed by
Christopher and Holweg (2011) and a statement by Simchi-Levi (2010): “With the
increasing level of volatility, the days of static supply chain strategies are over.” For
supply chains, this translates into everyday risks such as fluctuating demand and in
exceptional risks such as the 2010 Eyjafjallajo¨kull volcano eruption in Iceland or the
2011 To¯hoku earthquake in Japan.