Because a broad array of consultants and industry specialists provide all relevant
financial, public relations, marketing, and expertise to all cities, the same
political process is replicated over and over and from place to place (Sanders,
1992). Engineering and architectural services are frequently offered by a handful
of national firms. National public relations firms also are regularly hired to
manage promotional campaigns, often from concept to tax approval campaign
to construction. Likewise, national public accounting and public finance consulting
firms with specialties in project finance and cost-benefit analysis provide
the principal justifications for individual projects, and they justify public
subsidies through feasibility and impact analyses (Sanders, 1999). At the heart
of these reports are data and information gathered from industry associations
and publications. In turn, accounting and bond-rating firms rely on the same
sources of data and on consulting reports from the same firms retained by cities.
Because a broad array of consultants and industry specialists provide all relevant
financial, public relations, marketing, and expertise to all cities, the same
political process is replicated over and over and from place to place (Sanders,
1992). Engineering and architectural services are frequently offered by a handful
of national firms. National public relations firms also are regularly hired to
manage promotional campaigns, often from concept to tax approval campaign
to construction. Likewise, national public accounting and public finance consulting
firms with specialties in project finance and cost-benefit analysis provide
the principal justifications for individual projects, and they justify public
subsidies through feasibility and impact analyses (Sanders, 1999). At the heart
of these reports are data and information gathered from industry associations
and publications. In turn, accounting and bond-rating firms rely on the same
sources of data and on consulting reports from the same firms retained by cities.
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