The mesosystem – this layer provides the connection between the structures of the child’s microsystem (Berk, 2000).
Examples: the connection between the child’s teacher and his parents, between his church and his neighborhood,
etc.
The exosystem – this layer defines the larger social system in which the child does not function directly. The
structures in this layer impact the child’s development by interacting with some structure in her microsystem (Berk,
2000). Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources are examples. The child may not be
directly involved at this level, but he does feel the positive or negative force involved with the interaction with his
own system.
The macrosystem – this layer may be considered the outermost layer in the child’s environment. While not being a
specific framework, this layer is comprised of cultural values, customs, and laws (Berk, 2000). The effects of larger
principles defined by the macrosystem have a cascading influence throughout the interactions of all other layers. For
example, if it is the belief of the culture that parents should be solely responsible for raising their children, that
culture is less likely to provide resources to help parents. This, in turn, affects the structures in which the parents
function. The parents’ ability or inability to carry out that responsibility toward their child within the context of the
child’s microsystem is likewise affected.
The chronosystem – this system encompasses the dimension of time as it relates to a child’s environments. Elements
within this system can be either external, such as the timing of a parent’s death, or internal, such as the physiological
changes that occur with the aging of a child. As children get older, they may react differently to environmental
changes and may be more able to determine more how that change will influence them
The mesosystem – this layer provides the connection between the structures of the child’s microsystem (Berk, 2000).
Examples: the connection between the child’s teacher and his parents, between his church and his neighborhood,
etc.
The exosystem – this layer defines the larger social system in which the child does not function directly. The
structures in this layer impact the child’s development by interacting with some structure in her microsystem (Berk,
2000). Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources are examples. The child may not be
directly involved at this level, but he does feel the positive or negative force involved with the interaction with his
own system.
The macrosystem – this layer may be considered the outermost layer in the child’s environment. While not being a
specific framework, this layer is comprised of cultural values, customs, and laws (Berk, 2000). The effects of larger
principles defined by the macrosystem have a cascading influence throughout the interactions of all other layers. For
example, if it is the belief of the culture that parents should be solely responsible for raising their children, that
culture is less likely to provide resources to help parents. This, in turn, affects the structures in which the parents
function. The parents’ ability or inability to carry out that responsibility toward their child within the context of the
child’s microsystem is likewise affected.
The chronosystem – this system encompasses the dimension of time as it relates to a child’s environments. Elements
within this system can be either external, such as the timing of a parent’s death, or internal, such as the physiological
changes that occur with the aging of a child. As children get older, they may react differently to environmental
changes and may be more able to determine more how that change will influence them
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