The classical context, civilization primarily refers to the material and instrumental side of human cultures that are complex in terms of technology, science, and division of labor. Such civilizations are generally urbanized. This definition can be seen from the world’s ancient and lost civilization, for example the Roman Empire, Persian Empire.
In term of society and culture, in a classical context, people were called: “civilized” to set them apart from “Barbarian” people (The Barbarians- those who were perceived the “uncivilized”.), while in a modern-day context, “civilized peoples” have been contrasted with “primitive” peoples.
Civilization also refers to the society with developed writing language such as the Sumerian.
Nowadays, the word civilization has been used in a less strict way. So the meaning of civilization becomes the same thing as “CULTURE” that defines a particular human society that has a certain level of advancement-especially the founding of cities.
The level of advancement of a civilization
The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, and urbanism. Moreover, to define a level of advancement of civilization for a society, some elements will be used such as a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, legal, arts and architectural, mathematical, scientific and political systems