Using hierarchical multiple regression, they found that science identity was significantly related to transformative experience, controlling for prior knowledge. Moreover, they found that this relationship was mediated by mastery orientation according to the criteria established by Baron and Kenny (1986) for a mediational relationship. Specifically, the results suggested that students with a strong science identity were more likely to adopt a mastery goal orientation, and having a mastery goal orientation predicted engagement in transformative experiences. Both performance orientations were unrelated to engagement in transformative experiences.