The main strength of this study is the use of timely data
collected from large, nationally representative samples to
assess early implementation of a new federal requirement to
increase students’ access to drinking water. Results should be
interpreted in the context of some limitations, however. Data
are cross-sectional, which precludes a causal interpretation of
reported associations. Some measures assessed compliance
with federal legislation, which raises the possibility of social
desirability bias. To minimize this, respondents were guaranteed
confidentiality, but any survey data carries the risk of
some desirability bias. The response rates were calculated
based on standard definitions,34 but were low among elementary
schools. The final analytic data weights were
adjusted to account for school propensity to respond (based
on predictive models using school demographic variables
associated with response vs nonresponse status), but it is
possible that nonresponse bias could have been an issue,
particularly for schools where practices were not well aligned
with national requirements. Coding all drinking fountains
outside the cafeteria as not meeting the requirement
was conservative; fountains immediately adjacent to the
foodservice area that are accessible to all students during the
lunch period could be sufficient,10,21 but this level of detail
was not consistently available from open-ended responses.
Finally, as noted, the specific survey items used here were not
validated and the subjective nature of respondent-reported
data limits the ability to draw conclusions about actual
cleanliness of drinking fountains and water-quality issues
The main strength of this study is the use of timely datacollected from large, nationally representative samples toassess early implementation of a new federal requirement toincrease students’ access to drinking water. Results should beinterpreted in the context of some limitations, however. Dataare cross-sectional, which precludes a causal interpretation ofreported associations. Some measures assessed compliancewith federal legislation, which raises the possibility of socialdesirability bias. To minimize this, respondents were guaranteedconfidentiality, but any survey data carries the risk ofsome desirability bias. The response rates were calculatedbased on standard definitions,34 but were low among elementaryschools. The final analytic data weights wereadjusted to account for school propensity to respond (basedon predictive models using school demographic variablesassociated with response vs nonresponse status), but it ispossible that nonresponse bias could have been an issue,particularly for schools where practices were not well alignedwith national requirements. Coding all drinking fountainsoutside the cafeteria as not meeting the requirementwas conservative; fountains immediately adjacent to thefoodservice area that are accessible to all students during thelunch period could be sufficient,10,21 but this level of detailwas not consistently available from open-ended responses.Finally, as noted, the specific survey items used here were notvalidated and the subjective nature of respondent-reporteddata limits the ability to draw conclusions about actualcleanliness of drinking fountains and water-quality issues
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

The main strength of this study is the use of timely data
collected from large, nationally representative samples to
assess early implementation of a new federal requirement to
increase students’ access to drinking water. Results should be
interpreted in the context of some limitations, however. Data
are cross-sectional, which precludes a causal interpretation of
reported associations. Some measures assessed compliance
with federal legislation, which raises the possibility of social
desirability bias. To minimize this, respondents were guaranteed
confidentiality, but any survey data carries the risk of
some desirability bias. The response rates were calculated
based on standard definitions,34 but were low among elementary
schools. The final analytic data weights were
adjusted to account for school propensity to respond (based
on predictive models using school demographic variables
associated with response vs nonresponse status), but it is
possible that nonresponse bias could have been an issue,
particularly for schools where practices were not well aligned
with national requirements. Coding all drinking fountains
outside the cafeteria as not meeting the requirement
was conservative; fountains immediately adjacent to the
foodservice area that are accessible to all students during the
lunch period could be sufficient,10,21 but this level of detail
was not consistently available from open-ended responses.
Finally, as noted, the specific survey items used here were not
validated and the subjective nature of respondent-reported
data limits the ability to draw conclusions about actual
cleanliness of drinking fountains and water-quality issues
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
