The maximum limit of F concentration in wines recommended
by International Office of the Wineyard and the Wine
(1990) is 1 mg L1
. Burgstahler and Robinson (1997) found the
fluoride levels of 19 California wines as 0.23e2.80 mg mL1
,
Martinez et al. (1998) reported the mean fluoride concentrations in
70 wines from the Canary Islands ranging from 0.08 to 0.68 mg mL1
and USDA (2005) reported 1.05 mg mL1 of fluoride in 14 red wine
samples and 2.02 mg mL1 of fluoride in 17 white wine samples.
For years, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been a
routine method for determination of trace metals and metalloids
(Welz, 2005). Fluorine cannot be directly determined by conventional
line source atomic absorption spectrometer (LS AAS) since its
atomic absorption wavelength is in vacuum UV (95 nm) where air
components absorb as well (Ozbek & Akman, 2013). However, after
recent developments in high-resolution continuum source atomic
absorption spectrometry (HR-CS AAS), fluorine and other halogens
can be easily determined. The method is based on the formation of
a diatomic molecule in the gas phase of the flame or graphite
furnace of AAS between F and an externally added appropriate
metal to the samples/standards and the measurement of the molecular
absorption of formed diatomic molecule's well-defined fine structured rotational lines.