1. ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA SMIJAL
2. ENAMEL HYPOPLASIADefinition:“An incomplete or defective formation of the organic enamel matrix of teeth”
3. Types:Hereditary type Environmantal factors• Both decidious and • Either dentition or single permanent dentitions tooth affected involved• Only enamel is affected • Both enamel and dentin are affected
4. Factors producing injury to ameloblasts:• Nutritional deficiency [vitamin A,C,D]• Exanthematous diseases [eg: measles, chicken pox, scarlet fever]• Congenital syphilis• Hypocalcemia• Birth injury, prematurity, Rh hemolytic disease• Local infection or trauma• Ingestion of chemicals• Idiopathic causes
5. Consequences:• Mild environmental hypoplasia few small grooves, pits or fissures on enamel surface• Severe conditions enamel may exhibit rows of deep pits arranged horizontally across tooth surface
6. •Most severe casesconsiderable portion of enamel is absentdue to prolonged disturbance in the function of ameloblasts -Hypoplasia results only if the injury occurs during the time the teeth are developing or more specifically during the formative stage of enamel development
7. Factors in detail:1. Due to nutritional deficiency and exanthematous fevers:• In Earlier studies rickettes is the major cause• At present vitamin A and C are also causes
8. • Exanthematous diseases are the etiologic factors, some studies say• any nutritionaldeficiency or systemic disease produce enamel hypoplasia due to interference in metabolic function of ameloblasts
9. • Hypoplasia from such factor can result in pitting and pits tend to stain• Central and lateral incisors, cuspids and first molars are frequently involved [ primary teeth to appear]• Premolars and 2nd and 3rd molars are seldom affected
10. Is there any relation between enamel hypoplasia and dental caries???? ANSWER IS NO..!! But hypoplastic teeth do appear to decay at more rapid rate once caries has been initiated
11. 2.Due to congenital syphilis• Involves max and mand central incisors and first molars• Anterior tooth affected are called “HUTCHINSON’S TEETH”• Molars referred as “MULBERRY MOLARS” [moon molars, fournier’s molars]
12. HUTCHINSON’S TEETH
13. MULBERRY MOLARS
14. Characterstics:• Upper central incisor – screw driver shaped• Cause of tapering explained on basis of the absence of central tubercle or calcification center• Crowns of 1st molars irregular shaped enamel arranged in agglomerate mass
15. 3.Due to hypocalcemia:• Tetany - Due to decreases level of calcium in blood [ fall as low as 6 – 8 mg/100ml]• Most common – vitamin D deficiency and parathyroid deficiency• Causes Pitting
16. 4. Due to birth injuries:• Present in deciduous teeth and first permanent molars• Produced in enamel and dentin• Caused due to trauma or change of environment at the time of birth• Staining of teeth in Rh hemolytic diseased children• Most cases of EH of deciduous teeth involve enamel formed after birth + in prenatal enamelgatrointestinal disturbance or other illness in mother may be responsible
17. 5.Due to local infections or trauma:• Single tooth is involved [one of the permanent max incisors or max or mand premolars]• Degree of hypoplasia ranging from mild, brownish discolouration of enamel to severe pitting and irregularity if tooth surface• Single tooth referred as“TURNER’S TEETH”condition ->> TURNER’S HYPOPLASIA
18. TURNERS HYPOPLASIA
19. • Severity of hypoplasia depends on: - severity of infection -degree of tissue involvement -stage of permanent tooth formation during which infection occurred• Trauma to the deciduous tooth disturbes the permanent tooth bud if the above permanent tooth crown is still formed manifestation as yellowish or brownish pigmentation of enamel [labial surface] OR as true hypoplastic pitting defect or deformity
20. 6. Due to fluoride : mottled enamel:• Mottled enamel: this lesion was a result of some substance in water supply i.e, Fluorine is the causative agent
21. ETIOLOGY OF MOTTLED ENAMEL• Ingestion of fluoride containing drinking water during time of tooth formation• Severity ses => as amount of fluoride in water increases• Little mottle enamel is evident at the level below 0.9 to 1 ppm of fluoride in water
22. PATHOGENESIS• Due to disturbance of the ameloblasts during formative stage of tooth development• In Higher level of fluoride – interference in the calcification process of matrix• Individual variation in causing mottled enamel
23. CLINICAL FEATURES1. white flecking or spotting of the enamel2.Mild manifestation - White opaque areas on tooth surface area3.Moderate and severe changes showing pitting and brownish staining of the surface4. Corroded appearance of the teeth5.Tendency of wear and fracture
24. Geographic distribution:• Reported in many parts of the world• Europe, Africa, Asia, US
25. Treatment• Bleach the affected teeth with an agent such as hydrogen peroxide
26. 7. Due to idiopathic factors• Since ameloblast is sensitive type of cell and easily damaged, in those cases etiology is unknown• Even severe cases of hypoplasia arise with no pertinent past medical history
27. THANK EW..!!!!!!!!