According to Ogden and Cheng (2010), Hofstede's original 1980 research did not
incorporate China (p. 2): in 2001, Hofstede added a fifth dimension based on the
philosophy of Confucius (p. 2). The dimension is known as long- or short-term
orientation. Long-term is defined by Hofstede and Hofstede (2005) as "the fostering of
virtues oriented toward future rewards — in particular, perseverance and thrift" (p. 210).
Short-term is defined as "the fostering of virtues related to the past and present - in
particular, respect for tradition, preservation of face, and fulfilling social obligations" (p.
210). According to Dahl (2006), Hofstede collaborated with Michael Bond on the
philosophical Confucian dimension (p. 13). Ogden and Cheng (2010) described
Hofstede's Confucian cultural dimension as one that reflects the practice of persistence,
thrift, personal stability, and respect for tradition (p. 2).