Over half (52.9%) of the participants had low back pain during the previous 3 months, while the prevalence of pain in the legs, upper arms, neck, wrists, and lower arms
were 14.8%, 8.9%, 3.0%, 2.3%, and 2.1%, respectively. The average final RULA grand score of 5.25 corresponded to an action level of 3, which indicated the need for prompt medical investigation and work
habit changes. From logistic regression analysis, the tapping levels and tapping postures including high
frequencies of twisting, bending, and extension of trunk were significantly associated with low back pain