The production processes examined for the preparation of the full-cream milk powders are given (Fig. 1). Raw milk was separated at 40 C to produce cream and skim milk. The cream was divided
into 3 portions and mixed with appropriate amount of skim milk to manufacture full-cream milk with similar composition as the raw milk. One portion of cream was used as is for standardization of the skim milk (Powder 1). The second portion was used as is for
standardization with skim milk prior to homogenization at 22.5 MPa using a Rannie 3060, APV Australia Pty Ltd. (Powder 2).The third portion of cream was citrated by slow addition of 1 M trisodium citrate solution prior to homogenization of the cream portion at 22.5 MPa. The level of citrate added was selected based on ease of flow of homogenized cream with different citrate levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mol added citrate/kg cream MSNF. The viscosity was measured using the Parr Physica rheometer MCR 301 at constant shear rate of 0.5 s1 at 20 C for 10 min. The homogenized citrated cream was then standardized with skim milk (Powder 3).