conditioning of building spaces [3,12]. To assess such an evaporative
cooling process in conjunction with a building energy system,
it is necessary to combine a cooling tower model with a building
energy simulation model. Considering the building energy simulation
model, a number of modelling options were available
including EnergyPlus, TRNSYS and ESPr. Due to operational and
availability issues, EnergyPlus was used for the system integration
modelling in this work. Such an integrated model requires a cooling
tower model, a building envelope model and energy conversion
equipment models (radiant cooling and displacement ventilation
system). The available cooling tower mathematical model options
in EnergyPlus were constrained to a single tower design, based on
an induced draft indirect (closed) system, which was only validated
for high temperature rejection (35e29.5 C) and large approach
(>10 K) applications. Moreover the available cooling tower model
in EnergyPlus ignores the effect of water evaporation in the tower
[13]. Other open direct contact tower models available in the
literature are based on high temperature rejection and have been
validated for L/G ratios >1.0. None of these models have been
analysed or validated for low temperature heat rejection applications
subject to low approach conditions. Furthermore, none of
these mathematical models are available in EnergyPlus
conditioning of building spaces [3,12]. To assess such an evaporativecooling process in conjunction with a building energy system,it is necessary to combine a cooling tower model with a buildingenergy simulation model. Considering the building energy simulationmodel, a number of modelling options were availableincluding EnergyPlus, TRNSYS and ESPr. Due to operational andavailability issues, EnergyPlus was used for the system integrationmodelling in this work. Such an integrated model requires a coolingtower model, a building envelope model and energy conversionequipment models (radiant cooling and displacement ventilationsystem). The available cooling tower mathematical model optionsin EnergyPlus were constrained to a single tower design, based onan induced draft indirect (closed) system, which was only validatedfor high temperature rejection (35e29.5 C) and large approach(>10 K) applications. Moreover the available cooling tower modelin EnergyPlus ignores the effect of water evaporation in the tower[13]. Other open direct contact tower models available in theliterature are based on high temperature rejection and have beenvalidated for L/G ratios >1.0. None of these models have beenanalysed or validated for low temperature heat rejection applicationssubject to low approach conditions. Furthermore, none ofthese mathematical models are available in EnergyPlus
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