PPARd (Fig. 5A) and PPARa (Fig. 5B) were activated by milk samples supplemented with FBS and incubated overnight (treatment 3 versus treatment 2), and this was further augmented by homogenisation prior to FBS addition and incubation, achieving twenty sevenfold (Fig. 5A, treatment 4) and fourfold activation (Fig. 5B, treatment 4), respectively. PPARg was activated threefold but only by homogenised milk added FBS and then incubated (Fig. 5C, treatment 4).