Fish balls were prepared by mixing the DWM with salt (3 %), cold water (18 %), and CPAs at 8 % w/w. All ingredi- ents were added based on the mass of DWM used. The paste was formed into 16 g per ball, using an ice cream scoop, set in a water bath (Model WNE29, Memmert, Germany) of 40– 45 °C for 20 min, cooked in 100 °C hot water for 5 min, and cooled for 5 min in ice chilled water before storing them in a Ziploc bag (Boran and Kose 2007).