As noted in previous editions of the Review of Maritime Transport, in 2005, WCO had adopted the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade (SAFE),66 with the objective of developing a global supply-chain framework. The Framework provides a set of standards and principles that must be adopted as a minimum threshold by national customs administrations.67 The Framework has been updated and has evolved over the years as a dynamic instrument, aiming to balance “facilitation and controls while ensuring the security of the global trade supply chain”.68 It is a widely accepted instrument that serves as an important reference point for customs and for economic operators alike