The motorcycles were tested over the following transient and steady-state driving cycles (DCs):
• European type-approval driving cycle (ECE?EUDC)
• World-wide Motorcycle Emissions Test Cycle (WMTC)
• Artemis Urban Cold
• Constant speed between 20 and 120 km/h (stepwise 10 km/h)
Transient DCs were carried out with cold-start (engine off for at least 8 h before DC starting). ECE?EUDC is composed by an urban (ECE) and an extra urban part (EUDC). Urban part is divided in two phases: cold (UDC_cold including two base modules) and hot (UDC_hot including four base modules). WMTC regulated in 2006/72/EC directive states, for motorcycle with maximum speed higher than 140 km/h, the execution of three phases (cold WMTC_1, WMTC_2 and WMTC_3). Artemis Urban Cold was proposed within EU Artemis framework in order to study cold-start influence on the exhaust emissions (Andre´2004). It includes 15 repetitions of a base module. During this experimental activity, measurements
relative to Artemis Urban Cold were performed over three