Figure 2. Exchange Outcome Matrix
Adapted with permission from Influence Without Authority (p. 195) by A. R. Cohen and
D L. Bradford, 1990, New York: John Wiley. Copyright 1990 by the authors.
(1962,1972) suggests that such relations involve a balancing process in the unbalanced relation so that relations tend toward balance (that is, if one has power —he uses it; if he uses it—he loses it). This notion of balanced relations is also supported by Cialdini (1988). It is important to remember that the exchange relation is the unit of analysis, not the "actors" or their characteristics, and that the focus is upon the processes involved in exchange. Furthermore, the least powerful actor is generally the initiator in the power/exchange relationship between actors A and B.
The relevance of the notion of power from the host perspective can be illustrated by the attention given in recent years to community tourism development. This attention has come from two directions: one originates from a concern that negative consequences of tourism development should be minimized and controlled. It recommends a "bottom up" people-oriented approach where consideration of community needs and concerns come first and foremost (Murphy 1985). The other direction comes from an economic perspective where tourism is used as a means of diversifying or revitalizing the economy, especially in rural areas (Blank 1989; USTTA 1989). The economic rationale for community tourism development is based on the premise that tourism enables the community to "join in the general progress and participate in the blessings of prosperity" (Krippendorf 1987:49). This premise
Figure 2. Exchange Outcome Matrix
Adapted with permission from Influence Without Authority (p. 195) by A. R. Cohen and
D L. Bradford, 1990, New York: John Wiley. Copyright 1990 by the authors.
(1962,1972) suggests that such relations involve a balancing process in the unbalanced relation so that relations tend toward balance (that is, if one has power —he uses it; if he uses it—he loses it). This notion of balanced relations is also supported by Cialdini (1988). It is important to remember that the exchange relation is the unit of analysis, not the "actors" or their characteristics, and that the focus is upon the processes involved in exchange. Furthermore, the least powerful actor is generally the initiator in the power/exchange relationship between actors A and B.
The relevance of the notion of power from the host perspective can be illustrated by the attention given in recent years to community tourism development. This attention has come from two directions: one originates from a concern that negative consequences of tourism development should be minimized and controlled. It recommends a "bottom up" people-oriented approach where consideration of community needs and concerns come first and foremost (Murphy 1985). The other direction comes from an economic perspective where tourism is used as a means of diversifying or revitalizing the economy, especially in rural areas (Blank 1989; USTTA 1989). The economic rationale for community tourism development is based on the premise that tourism enables the community to "join in the general progress and participate in the blessings of prosperity" (Krippendorf 1987:49). This premise
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