Muscle power and endurance included hand-grip
strength, upper limbs muscle endurance, and lower limbs
muscle endurance. Hand-grip strength was measured
using a digital handgrip dynamometer (Model TKK-5401
GRIP-D: Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd, Japan: range
5–100 kg) with the dominant hand, measuring twice, and
the best performance was recorded in kilograms. Upper
limbs muscle endurance was measured by the arm curltest (Rikli and Jones, 2001). Participants sat on a chair with
the back straight and feet flat on the floor and with the
dominant side of the body close to the edge of the seat. A
dumbbell weight of eight pounds for men or five pounds
for women was held down at the side, perpendicular to the
floor, in the dominant hand with a handshake grip. From
the down position, the weight was curled up with the palm
gradually rotating to a facing-up position during flexion.
The weight was then returned to the fully extended down
position with the handshake grip. The score was recorded
as the total number of arm curls executed in 30 s (Rikli and
Jones, 2001). The chair-stand test was used to evaluate
lower limbs muscle endurance; participants were asked to
stand up and sit down, with arms folded across their chest,
using an armless chair. The number of chair stands
executed in 30 s was recorded.
All of the measurement devices were frequently used in
clinical settings with high expert content validity and were
used in previous studies with good psychometric properties
(Chen et al., 2008). Two sequential trial tests were
employed for each measurement device and their intraclass
correlations were all above 0.80. Further, the physical
measurement devices were maintained by the project
manager and calibrated for their functions before each
data collection to minimize errors.
Muscle power and endurance included hand-gripstrength, upper limbs muscle endurance, and lower limbsmuscle endurance. Hand-grip strength was measuredusing a digital handgrip dynamometer (Model TKK-5401GRIP-D: Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd, Japan: range5–100 kg) with the dominant hand, measuring twice, andthe best performance was recorded in kilograms. Upperlimbs muscle endurance was measured by the arm curltest (Rikli and Jones, 2001). Participants sat on a chair withthe back straight and feet flat on the floor and with thedominant side of the body close to the edge of the seat. Adumbbell weight of eight pounds for men or five poundsfor women was held down at the side, perpendicular to thefloor, in the dominant hand with a handshake grip. Fromthe down position, the weight was curled up with the palmgradually rotating to a facing-up position during flexion.The weight was then returned to the fully extended downposition with the handshake grip. The score was recordedas the total number of arm curls executed in 30 s (Rikli andJones, 2001). The chair-stand test was used to evaluatelower limbs muscle endurance; participants were asked tostand up and sit down, with arms folded across their chest,using an armless chair. The number of chair standsexecuted in 30 s was recorded.All of the measurement devices were frequently used inclinical settings with high expert content validity and wereused in previous studies with good psychometric properties
(Chen et al., 2008). Two sequential trial tests were
employed for each measurement device and their intraclass
correlations were all above 0.80. Further, the physical
measurement devices were maintained by the project
manager and calibrated for their functions before each
data collection to minimize errors.
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