Assignment 2 (D)
Direction; Summary in one page at least 250 words and list vocabulary at least 25 words
Why hasn't the US eradicated the plague?
It's nearly 50 years since the US landed men on the moon, but Americans are still dying from a disease that ravaged Europe in the Middle Ages. Why hasn't the US eradicated the plague? The Black Death caused about 50 million deaths across Africa, Asia and Europe in the 14th Century. It wiped out up to half of Europe's population. Its last terrifying outbreak in London was the Great Plague of 1665, which killed about a fifth of the city's inhabitants. Then there was a 19th Century pandemic in China and India, which killed more than 12 million. But the disease has not been consigned to the dustbin of history. It is endemic in Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Peru. What's perhaps more surprising is that it is still killing people in the US.
There have been 15 cases in the US so far this year - compared to an average of seven, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - and the figure of four deaths is higher than in any year this century. The bacterium responsible - Yersinia pestis - was introduced to the US by rat-infested steamships in 1900, according to Daniel Epstein of the World Health Organization (WHO).
"Plague was pretty prevalent, with epidemics in Western port cities. But the last urban plague was in Los Angeles in 1925. It spread to rural rats and mice, and that's how it became entrenched in parts of the US," he says. The disease - typically transmitted from animals to humans by fleas - has a 30-to- 60% fatality rate if left untreated. However, antibiotics are effective if patients are diagnosed early. The bacterium responsible - Yersinia pestis - was introduced to the US by rat-infested steamships in 1900, according to Daniel Epstein of the World Health Organization (WHO).
"Plague was pretty prevalent, with epidemics in Western port cities. But the last urban plague was in Los Angeles in 1925. It spread to rural rats and mice, and that's how it became entrenched in parts of the US," he says.
The disease - typically transmitted from animals to humans by fleas - has a 30-to- 60% fatality rate if left untreated. However, antibiotics are effective if patients are diagnosed early.
Most cases occur in summer, when people spend more time outdoors. "The advice is, take precautions against flea bites and don't handle animal carcasses in plague-endemic areas," says Epstein. The areas in question are New Mexico, Arizona, California and Colorado, according to the CDC. All of this year's cases originated in those states, or in other states west of the 100th meridian, which Dr Amesh Adalja, an infectious-disease specialist at the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Health Security, refers to as "the plague line".
กำหนด 2 (D)ทิศทาง สรุปหน้าหนึ่งอย่างน้อย 250 คำและคำศัพท์อย่างน้อย 25 รายทำไมไม่สหรัฐกำจัดให้หมดกาฬโรคได้เกือบ 50 ปีตั้งแต่สหรัฐอเมริกาที่ดินมนุษย์บนดวงจันทร์ แต่ชาวอเมริกันคงจะตายจากโรคที่ ravaged ยุโรปในยุคกลาง ทำไมไม่สหรัฐกำจัดให้หมดกาฬโรค ความตายสีดำเกิดเสียชีวิตประมาณ 50 ล้านในแอฟริกา เอเชีย และยุโรปในศตวรรษที่ 14 มันเช็ดออกถึงครึ่งหนึ่งของประชากรของยุโรป การระบาดของโรคน่ากลัวสุดท้ายในลอนดอนถูกโรคระบาดครั้ง ใหญ่ของค.ศ. 1665 ซึ่งถูกฆ่าตายประมาณหนึ่งในห้าของประชากรของเมือง แล้ว มี 19 ศตวรรษที่ระบาดในประเทศจีนและอินเดีย ซึ่งถูกฆ่าตายมากกว่า 12 ล้าน แต่โรคนี้มีไม่ได้เหล่านั้นส่งมอบให้ถังทิ้งขยะประวัติศาสตร์ เป็นยุงในมาดากัสการ์ สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก และประเทศเปรู บางทีขึ้นที่น่าแปลกใจคือว่า มันยังจะฆ่าคนในสหรัฐอเมริกามีกรณีที่ 15 ในสหรัฐอเมริกาจนถึงปีนี้ - เมื่อเทียบกับค่าเฉลี่ยของเจ็ด ตามศูนย์ควบคุมและป้องกันโรคและการป้องกัน (CDC) - และรูปสี่ตายจะสูงกว่าในปีศตวรรษนี้ แบคทีเรียชอบ - Yersinia pestis - ถูกนำไปยังสหรัฐอเมริกาโดย steamships รบกวนหนูใน 1900 ตามสเตียน Daniel ขององค์กรสุขภาพโลก (คน)"Plague was pretty prevalent, with epidemics in Western port cities. But the last urban plague was in Los Angeles in 1925. It spread to rural rats and mice, and that's how it became entrenched in parts of the US," he says. The disease - typically transmitted from animals to humans by fleas - has a 30-to- 60% fatality rate if left untreated. However, antibiotics are effective if patients are diagnosed early. The bacterium responsible - Yersinia pestis - was introduced to the US by rat-infested steamships in 1900, according to Daniel Epstein of the World Health Organization (WHO)."Plague was pretty prevalent, with epidemics in Western port cities. But the last urban plague was in Los Angeles in 1925. It spread to rural rats and mice, and that's how it became entrenched in parts of the US," he says.The disease - typically transmitted from animals to humans by fleas - has a 30-to- 60% fatality rate if left untreated. However, antibiotics are effective if patients are diagnosed early.Most cases occur in summer, when people spend more time outdoors. "The advice is, take precautions against flea bites and don't handle animal carcasses in plague-endemic areas," says Epstein. The areas in question are New Mexico, Arizona, California and Colorado, according to the CDC. All of this year's cases originated in those states, or in other states west of the 100th meridian, which Dr Amesh Adalja, an infectious-disease specialist at the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Health Security, refers to as "the plague line".
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